95 “Can Bioshield Effectively Procure Medical Countermeasures That Safeguard the Nation?,” House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Emerging Threats, Cybersecurity and Science and Technology of the Committee on Homeland Security 49 (April 18, 2007), govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg43559/pdf/CHRG-110hhrg43559.pdf
96 Sandra Sobieraj, “White House mail sorters anthrax-free,” Associated Press (October 24, 2001), web. archive.org/web/20020111104128/http://www.phillyburbs.com/terror/news/1024beth.htm
97 Chris Hamby and Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “How One Firm Put an ‘Extraordinary Burden’ on the U.S.’s Troubled Stockpile,” New York Times (Mar. 6, 2021), nytimes.com/2021/03/06/us/emergentbiosolutions-anthrax-coronavirus.html
98 Hamby and Stolberg
99 “HHS Contract Valued at Up to $107 Million to Develop Large-Scale Manufacturing for BioThrax,” Emergent Biosolutions (Jul. 14, 2010), investors.emergentbiosolutions.com/news-releases/news-release-details/emergentbiosolutions-awarded-hhs-contract-valued-107-million?ID=1447267&c=202582&p=irol-newsArticle
100 “Emergent BioSolutions Awarded Contract to Develop a Dry Formulation of NuThrax, a Next Generation Anthrax Vaccine,” Business Wire (Sept. 8, 2014), businesswire.com/news/home/20140908006391/en/EmergentBioSolutions-Awarded-Contract-to-Develop-a-Dry-Formulation-of-NuThrax-a-Next-Generation-AnthraxVaccine
101 Hamby and Stolberg
102 Ibid.
103 Ibid.
104 Webb and Diego
105 Alex Knapp, “Little-Known Publicly Traded Company Given Massive Deal to Manufacture One-Shot Covid-19 Vaccine,” Forbes (Mar. 1, 2021), forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2021/03/01/little-known-publicly-traded-company-given-massive-deal-to-manufacture-one-shot-covid-19-vaccine/?sh=53c4c3b53217
106 “Emergent Buys Sanofi Pasteur’s Smallpox Vaccine for Up-to-$125M,” Gen Eng News (Jul. 14, 2017), genengnews.com/topics/drug-discovery/emergent-buys-sanofi-pasteurs-smallpox-vaccine-for-up-to-125m/
107 Webb and Diego
108 “Emergent BioSolutions Awarded 10-Year HHS Contract to Deliver ACAM2000?, (Smallpox (Vaccinia) Vaccine, Live) Into the Strategic National Stockpile,” Emergent Biosolutions (Sep. 3, 2019), investors.emergentbiosolutions.com/news-releases/news-release-details/emergentbiosolutions-awarded-10-year-hhs-contract-deliver
109 Swaine, O’Harrow, and Davis
110 Zhiyuan Sun, “Is There Any Hope Left for Emergent BioSolutions?,” Motley Fool (Apr. 27, 2021), fool.com/investing/2021/04/27/is-there-any-hope-left-for-emergentbiosolutions/
111 Hamby and Stolberg
112 Knapp
113 Reuters Staff, “U.S. awards new $628 million contract to boost output of potential COVID-19 vaccine,” Reuters (Jun. 1, 2020), reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-vaccine/u-s-awards-new-628-million-contract-to-boost-output-of-potential-covid-19-vaccine-idUSKBN2382DO
114 “Emergent BioSolutions Signs Agreement with AstraZeneca to Expand Manufacturing for COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate,” Emergent BioSolutions (Jul. 27, 2020), investors.emergentbiosolutions.com/news-releases/news-release-details/emergentbiosolutions-signs-agreement-astrazeneca-expand
115 Hamby and Stolberg
116 Swaine, O’Harrow, and Davis
117 Hamby and Stolberg
118 “Moderna Announces Award from U.S. Government Agency BARDA for up to $483 Million to Accelerate Development of mRNA Vaccine (mRNA-1273) Against Novel Coronavirus,” Modern (Apr. 16, 2020), investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/moderna-announces-award-us-government-agency-barda-483-million
119 Katie Thomas and Megan Twohey, “How a Struggling Company Won $1.6 Billion to Make a Coronavirus Vaccine,” New York Times (Jul. 16, 2020), nytimes.com/2020/07/16/health/coronavirusvaccine-novavax.html
120 “BioNTech Announces New Collaboration to Develop HIV and Tuberculosis Programs,” BioNTech (Sep. 4, 2019), investors.biontech.de/news-releases/news-release-details/biontech-announces-new-collaboration-develop-hiv-and
121 Reuters Staff, “BioNTech wins $445 million German grant for COVID-19 vaccine,” Reuters (Sep. 15, 2020), reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-germany-vaccine/biontech-wins-445-million-german-grant-for-covid-19-vaccine-idUSKBN2661KP
122 Sydney Lupkin, “U.S. To Get 100 Million Doses of Pfizer Coronavirus Vaccine in $1.95 Billion Deal,” NPR (Jul. 22, 2020), npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/07/22/894184607/u-s-to-get-100-million-doses-of-pfizer-coronavirus-vaccine-in-1-95-billion-deal
123 “Emergent BioSolutions’ COVID-19 Human Immune Globulin Product Candidate to be Included in NIH-Sponsored Phase 3 Clinical Trial of Hyperimmune Intravenous Immunoglobulin to Treat COVID-19,” Emergent BioSolutions (Oct. 8, 2020), investors.emergentbiosolutions.com/news-releases/news-release-details/emergentbiosolutions-covid-19-human-immune-globulin-product
124 Gilead Sciences, Inc., U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Form 10-K (Dec. 31, 2005), sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/882095/000119312506045128/d10k.htm
125 World Health Organization, “WHO recommends against the use of remdesivir in COVID-19 patients” (Nov 20, 2020), who.int/newsroom/feature-stories/detail/who-recommends-against-the-use-of-remdesivir-in-covid-19-patients
126 Drugs.com, Remdesivir Side Effects (Feb 13, 2021), drugs.com/sfx/remdesivir-side-effects.html
127 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Symptoms of COVID-19 (Feb. 22, 2021), cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html
128 Jason D. Goldman et al., “Remdesivir for 5 or 10 Days in Patients with Severe Covid-19,” New England Journal of Medicine (May 27, 2020), nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2015301
129 John H. Beigel et al., “Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19—Final Report,” New England Journal of Medicine (Oct. 8, 2020), nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2007764
130 Hamby and Stolberg
131 Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Chris Hamby, “Shake-Up at Covid Vaccine Manufacturer That Tossed Millions of Doses,” New York Times (Apr. 29, 2021), nytimes.com/2021/04/29/us/emergentbiosolutions-covid-vaccine-manufacturing.html
132 U.S. House of Representatives House Committee on Oversight and Reform and Select Oversight Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis, “Examining Emergent BioSolutions’ Failure to Protect Public Health and Public Funds,” (May 19, 2021), docs.house.gov/meetings/VC/VC00/20210519/112641/HHRG-117-VC00-Transcript-20210519.pdf
133 Rich Mendez, “Congressional investigation launched into Emergent BioSolutions’ federal vaccine contracts,” CNBC (Apr. 20, 2021), cnbc.com/2021/04/20/congressional-investigation-launched-into-emergentbiosolutions-federal-vaccine-contracts-.html
134 Matt Richtel, “Covid News: New Cases in Nursing Homes Fall Dramatically After Vaccinations,” New York Times (May 19, 2021), nytimes.com/live/2021/05/19/world/covid-vaccine-coronavirus-mask
135 Berkeley Lovelace Jr., “FDA asks Emergent plant to pause manufacturing while it investigates botched Covid vaccines,” CNBC (Apr 12, 2021), cnbc.com/2021/04/19/fda-asks-emergent-plant-to-pause-manufacturing-while-it-investigates-botched-covid-vaccines.html